You have heard about Type Erasure of C++. You probably know std::function is a classic usage of the pattern. But what is Type Erasure in C++? It's effectively trying to achieve Duck Typing, which is common in languages like Python. # Notice that there's no relationship between Bar1 or Bar2…
Just like you can have a std::atomic synchronizes two threads with each other with release-acquire semantic, you can also have Fence-Fence, Atomic-Fence, Fence-Atomic synchronizations. C++ reference has very detailed documentation about when there exists a valid synchronizes-with relationship, https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/atomic/atomic_thread_fence. Rust's…
C++ language include an operator called typeid (https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/typeid). Queries information of a type. Used where the dynamic type of a polymorphic object must be known and for static type identification. It gives you information about the type of an object, as long as…
When going through the folly code base, sometimes, you see definitions like class FOLLY_EXPORT OptionalEmptyException : public std::runtime_error { ... FOLLY_EXPORT is defined as #define FOLLY_EXPORT __attribute__((__visibility__("default"))) It sets the visibility attribute of symbol OptionalEmptyException to "default". What does it do exactly,…
std::atomic combines read-modify-write atomic instructions, memory barriers in hardware and memory order concept in C++ altogether. It's commonly used for lock-free programming, which often looks like, if (futex.compare_exchange_strong(expected, 1, memory_order_acquire)) { // lock acquired } Multiple Caches Data race doesn't exist until we had computers with…
The basic concept of a read-write lock is simple. It allows multiple readers to access the resource simultaneously, but at most one thread can have exclusive ownership of the lock (a.k.a write lock). It's supposed to be an optimization, comparing to simple mutex (e.g. std::mutex). As…
Why In folly, Facebook's open source c++ library, you often see code like the following: #define FOLLY_SETTING_DEFINE(_project, _name, _Type, _def, _desc) \ /* Fastpath optimization, see notes in FOLLY_SETTINGS_DEFINE_LOCAL_FUNC__. \ Aggregate all off these together in a single section for better TLB \ and cache locality. */ \ __attribute_…
A few times I ran into the following issue uint8_t a = 0; std::cout << "a = " << a << std::endl; Guess what would it print? a = What happened here is that it printed NULL (0) in ASCII. uint8_t is just a typedef…
I recently ran into a program crash. There were some mysteries at the beginning of the debugging process. Mysteries Signal handler not called The program crashed with a coredump, according to which, it crashed with SIGSEGV. The mystery is that the code has registered a signal handler, which should get…
These two are very different concepts but can be confusing. re-entrant is used to describe a function in a single-threaded environment, thread-safe in multi-threaded environment on the other hand. A function can be both re-entrant and thread-safe, either re-entrant or thread-safe, or neither. A function is re-entrant, if it can…